From Left-Behind Children to Youth Labor Migrants: The Impact of Household Networks, Gendered Migration, and Relay Migration in Southeast Asia

Do children with migrant parents or family members have a greater likelihood of migration as they reach adulthood? Three possible patterns youth are examined in this study: (1) network migration, when families migrating first pave the way for subsequent generations to follow; (2) gendered where gender and left-behind influences probability migration; (3) relay which involves transgenerational switching within family. We use data collected from Thailand 2008/2010 (Wave 1) tracked 2019 2) understand how other influenced 2019. Within effect, household was one driving forces behind while mother-involved appeared be strongly associated labor especially among males. There is, however, no evidence that return whether parental non-parental same household, an increased migration. This study demonstrates relative strength effects compared on The findings also highlight complexity gender-based Thai context. research contributes larger field by establishing transition between these two roles illustrating different reasons sending countries.